Muslim Ibn Aqeel (pbuh) was struck on the head and thrown out from the highest point of the a tower in Kufa.
Below you will read the story of Muslim Ibn Aqeel (pbuh) the cousin and ambasador of Imam Hussain (AS) who was sent to Kufa to prepare the arrival of Imam Hussain (AS).
The Bravery and Strength of Muslim bin Aqeel (peace be upon him)
Very briefly, I will take you to the year 60 AH, where the war took place between truth and falsehood, between loyalty and treachery, between dignity and shame, between altruism and selfishness, between the free and the slave, and I will write this in points for the convenience of the honorable reader:
On the 15th of Ramadan in the year 60 AH, Muslim bin Aqil (peace be upon him) leaves Mecca for Kufa and arrives there on the 5th of Shawwal in the year 60 AH.
The opinion of the people of Kufa was unanimous and they pledged allegiance to Al-Hussein (peace be upon him) through his ambassador, and the last letter from the ambassador Ibn Aqil to Al-Hussein bin Ali (peace be upon him) on the 18th of Dhul-Qa’dah in the year 60 AH approximately stated: "As for what follows, the pioneer does not lie to his people. All the people of Kufa are with you, so come while you look at my letter."
In another narration, those from the people of Kufa who pledged allegiance numbered 18,000, and all the people are with Al-Hussein (peace be upon him) and they have no opinion or preference regarding the family of Muawiyah.
Meanwhile, Yazid bin Muawiyah’s party in Kufa corresponded with the latter and mentioned the weakness of Al-Nu’man bin Bashir Al-Ansari, the governor of Kufa. As soon as the letter reached the Levant, Yazid consulted Sarjun, Muawiyah’s client, who advised Yazid to assign this task to Ubayd Allah bin Marjanah Al-Majusiyya, who arrived in the last ten days of Dhul-Qi'dah to Kufa after he left Basra for his brother Othman.
As soon as Ibn Marjanah arrived in Kufa, he spread spies, distributed money to the chiefs, and began to threaten and intimidate while searching for Ibn Aqeel and his supporters, the first of whom was Hani bin Urwa, who was Ibn Aqil’s host throughout his stay in Kufa.
Hani bin Urwa was arrested and sent to the immoral Ibn Morgana. Hani was beaten by Ibn Morgana with a rod, breaking his nose and causing blood to flow on his clothes, splattering the flesh of his cheeks and forehead. He was detained in the emirate’s palace. His tribe, Madhhij, who came to support him, heard about this, but treachery and trickery undermined their plans.
Muslim bin Aqil rose up and shouted his slogan "O Mansour, die," and 4,000 men went out with him. When he reached the palace, they were only 300 men. Ibn Morgana took measures, including detaining the sheikhs and chief officers in the palace, calling on the uprisings, reducing their resolve, and threatening to kill them, until only 30 men remained with Ibn Aqil. He led the sunset prayer, but by the time he reached the gates of Kinda, he was alone. He ended up at the house of a noble and honorable woman on the night of 9th/8th Dhu al-Hijjah in the year 60 AH.
Ibn Aqil (peace be upon him) stayed at Tu’a’s house. She repeatedly entered and left the house to prepare what was necessary for him. Her son became suspicious and, upon insistence, she told him about Ibn Aqil. He did not hesitate to inform Ibn Marjana and his entourage, who ordered 60 or 70 men from Qais, led by Bakr Ibn Hamran Al-Ahmari and accompanied by Ibn Al-Ash’ath. After a severe battle, Ibn Aqil was severely wounded and taken prisoner to the emirate's palace.
In the ill-fated palace, Ibn Aqil (peace be upon him) made his final recommendations to Omar Ibn Saad Al-Zuhri Al-Qurashi, a member of Ibn Ziyad’s entourage:
First: I owe a debt in Kufa that must be paid.
Second: I will give my body to Ibn Marjana for burial.
Third: Send someone to bring back Al-Hussein, for I informed him that the people are with him, and I no longer see that as true.
After a long discussion between Ibn Aqil and Ibn Marjana, an order was issued to Bukair Ibn Hamran al-Ahmari to behead Muslim Ibn Aqil and throw his body from the top of the Emirate’s palace. Muslim prayed, "Oh God, judge between us and a people who have deceived us, lied to us, and humiliated us." Afterward, they brought Hani bin Urwa and beheaded him as well. On this occasion, a poet said:
If you do not know what death is, look at Hani in the market and Ibn Aqil.
To a hero whose face was smashed by a sword, and another who fell from a dead man.
This occurred on the 9th of Dhu al-Hijjah in the year 60 AH. It is said that on the 8th of that same time, Hussein had declared his ihram and left the Sacred House of God, heading to Kufa. May God have mercy on the martyrs of Al-Taf and the martyrs of the Husseini revolution.
The Will of Imam Hussain (peace be upon him) to His Envoy Muslim bin Aqil
Confidentiality of the Mission
In the year 680 CE, as the oppressive rule of Yazid weighed heavily upon the Muslim ummah, Imam Hussain (peace be upon him) received numerous letters from the people of Kufa, pleading for his leadership and guidance. Recognizing the dire need for a just leader, Imam Hussain decided to respond to their call, but not without caution. He appointed his trusted cousin, Muslim bin Aqil, to undertake a confidential mission to assess the situation in Kufa.
"To the people of Kufa," Imam Hussain directed, emphasizing the importance of secrecy in the mission. Muslim bin Aqil, understanding the delicate nature of his task, adopted a method of secret work, moving discreetly to avoid detection by the agents of Yazid. His mission was clear: to gauge the loyalty and readiness of the Kufans to support Imam Hussain against the tyrannical regime.
Launching Principle
Before embarking on his mission, Imam Hussain imparted crucial advice to Muslim bin Aqil. "If you enter Kufa, then stay at the highest house," he instructed. This strategic advice was not just about physical elevation but symbolized a position of vigilance and visibility. By positioning himself in a prominent place, Muslim bin Aqil could effectively communicate with the people while also monitoring the movements and sentiments within the city.
Assessing Loyalty
Muslim bin Aqil's journey to Kufa was fraught with peril, but he was driven by a profound sense of duty. Upon reaching Kufa, he followed Imam Hussain's counsel and took residence at the house of Hani ibn Urwa, a respected and influential figure among the Kufans. From this vantage point, Muslim bin Aqil began his assessment. The initial response was overwhelming; thousands pledged their allegiance to Imam Hussain, igniting hope for a successful uprising against Yazid's tyranny.
However, as Yazid's spies infiltrated the city, the situation grew precarious. Muslim bin Aqil remained resolute, adhering to Imam Hussain's words: "If I see them gathered around me and loyal, I will proceed with the mission. If not, then I will act according to the situation, by the will of Allah."
Martyrdom and Legacy
Despite the initial support, the tide quickly turned as Yazid's governor, Ubaydullah ibn Ziyad, implemented a campaign of intimidation and bribery. The once fervent supporters of Imam Hussain began to waver, and many deserted Muslim bin Aqil. Realizing the gravity of the situation, Muslim bin Aqil sent a final message to Imam Hussain, warning him of the betrayal and advising against coming to Kufa.
Imam Hussain, embodying the spirit of sacrifice and steadfastness, acknowledged the perilous turn of events but remained committed to his mission. "And I hope that I will be at the highest degree of martyrdom along with you," he expressed, foreseeing the ultimate sacrifice he and his followers would make.
Ambassador of Sacrifice
Muslim bin Aqil's unwavering dedication and his ultimate martyrdom in Kufa epitomize the profound commitment to justice and righteousness. His mission, though fraught with betrayal and danger, laid the groundwork for the enduring legacy of Imam Hussain's stand at Karbala. This story of loyalty, sacrifice, and the quest for justice continues to inspire generations, reminding us of the noble principles for which they stood.
The Struggle and Sacrifice of Muslim bin Aqeel and the Journey of Imam Hussein
Muslim bin Aqeel succeeds in calling for the pledge of allegiance to Hussein at the beginning until Ibn Ziyad enters Kufa and turns the situation in his favor. He woos the people with enticement and intimidation, discovers Muslim’s whereabouts using a spy, and employs treachery and deception to arrest Muslim. However, Muslim does not end up killing him, cutting off his head, and throwing him to the ground. His body is removed from the roof of the Emirate Palace along with his supporter Hani bin Urwa, and their bodies are dragged with ropes through the streets of Kufa. This is what Omar bin Saad and other supporters of the Umayyads meant when they wrote to Yazid, appointing a strong ruler over Kufa.
Al-Hussein moves towards Iraq, and on the way, he receives news of the killing of Muslim. Despite this, he does not turn back but resolves to move on, and seventy men with him resolve to do what he has determined. Despite the clarification of the situation, Qays ibn Mashar al-Saydawi is sent but meets a fate similar to that of Muslim and does not return. Then Abdullah bin Yaqtar is sent and meets the same fate, not returning either. Al-Hussein pledges himself to confrontation, whatever the cost, insisting on following his father's path.
On the way, the clouds of promises disperse, and the winds of treachery roar. When Hussein asks someone on the road about the news of Kufa, he gets the answer: "People's hearts are with you, and their swords are against you!"
This summarizes the general atmosphere in Kufa. The people heard him say: "I only came out to seek reform in the nation of my grandfather. I want to enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong and follow the path of my grandfather, the Messenger of God, and my father Ali bin Abi Talib."
In the end, a large class of them brandishes their swords against him just as they did against his father. Hussein is now a source of danger, threatening their positions. They fear that their wealth and positions will disappear if his revolution succeeds. He will certainly distribute the treasury as it should be, just as his father did, making everyone equal in giving, regardless of their status.
Another class is led by Ibn al-Aas's trick in Siffin and places the consequences on the Commander of the Faithful, seeking revenge on his son. Additionally, some wanted to prove their loyalty to the authority and considered anyone who rebelled against it as an outsider. Another group acted out of greed for what Ibn Ziyad promised, leading them to gather with Ibn Ziyad and direct them to prevent Al-Hussein from entering Kufa and to fight him wherever they found him. Al-Hussein knew all of this but continued on his way.
In that scorching desert, Al-Hussein reaches an area called Dhat Hassam. At midday, one of his companions says “Allahu Akbar,” and Al-Hussein (peace be upon him) asks him why. He replies that he saw palm trees, but those with him denied that there were palm trees in that place. Upon investigation, it becomes clear that they are the tips of spears and the ears of horses.
Al-Hurr bin Yazid Al-Riyahi arrives with a thousand knights on the order of Ibn Ziyad to prevent Al-Hussein from returning to Medina or to bring him to Kufa on the order of Ibn Ziyad.
The Mission of Muslim bin Aqeel and the Pledge of Allegiance to Imam Hussein
Letters from the people of Kufa continued to reach Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), urging him to march and come to them. Some of those letters held him responsible before God Almighty and the nation if he delayed in answering them. So he chose for his embassy his trusted kinsman, Muslim bin Aqeel bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him). His departure from Mecca was on the night of the middle of the blessed Ramadan in the year 60 AH.
Muslim arrived in the city of Kufa on the fifth of Shawwal in the year 60 AH [1]. Muslim bin Aqeel initially stayed in the house known as “the house of Al-Mukhtar bin Abi Ubaid” [2], though some sources mention he stayed with a man called Awsaja [3], or in “the house of Hani bin Urwa” [4]. It is likely that he stayed in the house of Al-Mukhtar bin Abi Ubaid because Al-Mukhtar was the son-in-law of Al-Numan bin Bashir, the governor of Kufa. This connection provided Muslim with some protection, as no harm could easily befall him while he was in the house of the governor’s son-in-law. The Shiites began to flock to him, spreading his mission throughout Kufa until it reached the prince, who addressed the people saying: “I do not fight except those who fight me, and I do not retaliate against anyone except those who retaliate against me, and I do not accept disunity and suspicion. So whoever shows his sympathy and breaks his pledge, I will strike him with my sword as long as its shaft remains in my hand, even if I were alone.” [5].
Muslim bin Aqeel (peace be upon him) continued to mobilize Kufa and take the pledge of allegiance until he had a large number of supporters. The number of those who pledged allegiance to him and prepared to support Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) reached eighteen thousand [6], though Al-Masoudi mentioned that their number was twelve thousand men, and it was said to be eighteen thousand [7].
Assured by the conditions in Kufa, Muslim bin Aqeel wrote a letter to Imam Hussein bin Ali (peace be upon him), saying: “As for now, the pioneer does not lie to his family, and eighteen thousand of the people of Kufa have pledged their allegiance to me, so hurry up when this letter comes to you, for all the people are with you. They have no opinion or desire regarding the family of Muawiyah, and peace be upon them” [8].
Muslim’s letter accurately depicted the conditions and sentiments in Kufa. The people had suffered from persecution and Umayyad oppression and were eager for liberation. However, the military encirclement of Kufa prevented their support and arrival in Karbala, in addition to the oppression, crucifixion, torture, and imprisonment imposed by the governor, which hindered some from participating in the battle.
A question arises: Why did Muslim’s supporters in Kufa not take the initiative to control the situation, even though they were prepared? It seems that the people did not have a unified leadership for decision-making. Instead, there were many influential nobles within their tribes, but their responses to major events lacked coordination. Evidence of this is the large number of letters, which reached twelve thousand [9], but lacked unity in addressing Imam Hussein (peace be upon him). This disunity likely stemmed from the multiplicity of senders.
Al-Numan bin Bashir tried to handle the situation peacefully, but his approach displeased the Umayyad party in Kufa. They wrote to Yazid, portraying events and advising the removal of Al-Numan, describing him as too weak to confront the situation [10]. Upon receiving the letter, Yazid ordered Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad to hasten to Kufa, find Muslim ibn Aqeel, and kill or exile him [11].
In response, Muslim bin Aqeel was forced to change his headquarters, and his activities became shrouded in secrecy. He took refuge in the house of Hani bin Urwa [12]. This move was strategic, as the governor Al-Numan bin Bashir had been removed, and Hani was a powerful leader capable of guaranteeing protection.
Ibn Ziyad declared a state of emergency throughout Kufa, ordering his police director to search all homes and arrest all supporters of the revolution. Consequently, the police arrested Al-Mukhtar bin Abi Ubaid, Amara bin Salkhib Al-Azdi, Abdul-A’la bin Yazid Al-Kalbi, Abdullah bin Nawfal bin Al-Harith, and Al-Asbagh bin Nabatah [13].
Ibn Ziyad also decreed that anyone harboring Muslim bin Aqeel would be executed and offered rewards for his capture. Eventually, Muslim’s location was revealed, leading to his arrest by Ibn Ziyad Ibn Abi Amr Al-Makhzoumi and Muhammad bin Al-Ash’ath.
The narratives indicate that Muslim bin Aqeel’s killing was an act of revenge, reflecting Ibn Ziyad’s hatred towards Islam and its followers. He ordered Muslim to be thrown from the top of the palace after cutting off his head. Muslim spent his final moments praising God, seeking forgiveness, and expressing gratitude for his trials, praying for God’s angels and messengers, and accepting God’s will.
On the ninth of Dhu al-Hijjah in the year 60 AH, Muslim bin Aqeel was martyred by being thrown from the top of the palace. The police then tied ropes around the legs of the martyrs Muslim bin Aqeel and Hani bin Urwa, dragging their bodies through the streets and alleys.
From this character, we learn the values of transcending treachery and deception, even with enemies, planting the seeds of sacrifice, altruism, and integrity in the darkest of circumstances.
References:
[1] Abi Al-Hasan Ali bin Al-Hasan Al-Masoudi, Muruj Al-Dhahab and Al-Jawhar Minerals (Beirut: Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, 2004 AD), vol. 3, p. 68.
[2] Abu Hanifa Ahmad bin Dawud al-Dinouri, Al-Akhbar Al-Tawwal (Qom, Publications of Al-Sharif Ardi, Bala, T.), p. 231; Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Al-Numan Al-Mufid, Al-Irshad (Najaf, Al-Haidariyya Press, D.T.), p. 226.
[3] Abi Al-Hasan Ali bin Al-Hasan Al-Masoudi, previous source, vol. 3, p. 68.
[4] Ahmed bin Abi Yaqoub bin Jaafar bin Wahb Al-Yaqoubi, History of Al-Yaqoubi (Beirut, Dar Sader, D. T.), vol. 2, p. 243.
[5] Abu Hanifa Ahmad bin Daoud Al-Dinuri, the previous source, p. 231; Abdul Hussein Al-Amili, The Luxurious Councils in the Matam of the Pure Family (Beirut: Al-Wafa Foundation, D. T.), p. 61.
[6] Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, History of the Messengers and Kings, edited by Muhammad Abu al-Fadl Ibrahim (Egypt, Dar al-Ma’arif, 1961 AD), vol. 5, p. 357; Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Al-Numan Al-Mufid, previous source, p. 205.
[7] Abi Al-Hasan Ali bin Al-Hasan Al-Masoudi, previous source, vol. 3, p. 68; Mahmoud bin Muhammad Al-Shaykhani, The Straight Path fi Virtues of the Family of the Prophet (Najaf: Commander of the Faithful Public Library, ed.), p. 86.
[8] Abi Jaafar Muhammad bin Jarir al-Tabari, previous source, vol. 5, p. 357; Baqir Sharif al-Qurashi, The Life of Imam Hussein (Qom: Al-Dawoodi Library Publications, D. T.), vol. 2, p. 348.
[9] Radhi al-Din Abu al-Qasim Ali bin Musa bin Jaafar Ibn Tawus, Fear for the Killed of al-Tuffuf (Najaf: Al-Haidariyya Press, D.T.), p. 129.
[10] Abu Hanifa Ahmad bin Daoud Al-Dinawari, previous source, p. 231; Al-Mufid, Al-Irshad, p. 205.
[11] Same source, p. 231; Muhammad bin Abi Talib Al-Karaki, Entertaining Councils, edited by: Fares Hassoun Karim, (Qom: Islamic Knowledge Publications, ed.), vol. 3, p. 180.
[12] Abu Hanifa Ahmad bin Daoud Al-Dinuri, the previous source, p. 213.
[13] Ibrahim Al-Musawi Al-Zanjani, Wasilat Al-Darain fi Ansar Al-Hussein (Beirut, Al-Alami Foundation, 1975 AD), p. 122.
The Heroic Legacy of Muslim bin Aqeel
A sword from the family of Muhammad and one of the pillars of the house of prophecy, Muslim bin Aqeel embodied the most wonderful signs of courage, heroism, steadfastness, and commitment to the truth. His journey was marked by sacrifice, redemption, and altruism. As Hussein’s ambassador, confidant, and kinsman, Muslim bin Aqeel hailed from the noble lineage of the family of Abu Talib, lords of honor and leaders among Banu Hashim, masters of Quraish, and the Arabs.
Like (Ali) to (Jafar)
And like (Aqeel) to (Talib)
These are not the attacks of normal men they are: the most glorious people in origin, the most forgiving people, and the most giving people) as Hassan bin Thabit described them:
And there are still pillars of glory in Islam from the family of Hashim, not proud ones.
They are the mountain of Islam, and the people around it are a burden to a mountain that pleases and conquers.
Through them, the banners are revealed in every predicament, When the people are distressed.
They are the guardians of God. He sent down His judgment upon them, and among them is the purifying Book.
With a night, among them was Jaafar and his mother’s son, Ali, and among them was Ahmad al-Mutakhir.
Hamza, and Al-Abbas are among them, and among them is Aqeel, and the water of aloes from where it is squeezed.
The virtues of this pure house, which protected and defended the Prophet and were the guardians of the religion and the repository of God’s knowledge, reflect the essence of Islam. This text sheds light on one of its heroes, one of its most distinguished figures, and the pioneer of the first movement of the immortal Husseini revolution, Muslim bin Aqeel.
His Birth and Mother (peace be upon him)
Though historical sources do not specify the year of his birth, there is evidence that Muslim was born during the life of the Prophet (PBUH) and was close in age to Imam Hussein (PBUH). Many sources inaccurately claim his mother was a slave girl given to Aqeel by Muawiyah, but this is false. Muslim participated in the Siffin war as a commander, debunking this narrative [1][2]. Reliable sources suggest his mother was a Nabatiyya from the family of Farzanda [3]. The Nabateans were ancient inhabitants of Iraq with a significant history and influence [4]. Sheikh Abdul Wahid Al-Muzaffar noted that her name was Aliyah, an Arabic name [5].
Muslim fought valiantly alongside his uncle, the Commander of the Faithful, in the Siffin war. He was positioned among the Hashemite princes due to his merit and bravery [6]. Renowned for his strength and courage, Muslim was described by Yusuf bin Muhammad Al-Bayasi as capable of great feats [7]. Al-Baladhuri and Ibn Qutaybah also praised his bravery and knowledge [8][9].
His Family
Muslim married his cousin, Ruqaya, daughter of the Commander of the Faithful, and had three sons and one daughter. His sons, Abdullah, Ahmed, and Ibrahim, were martyred, leaving his daughter Hamida, who was married to her cousin Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Aqeel [10][11]. His brothers and sisters also played significant roles, with many martyred alongside Imam Hussein in Karbala [12].
Messages of Loyalty
After enduring the horrors and calamities under Muawiyah's rule, the people of Kufa sought relief with his death, only to be dismayed by Yazid’s succession. Al-Hussein refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid, prompting the Shiites in Kufa to invite him to lead them. They sent letters expressing their loyalty and urging him to come to Kufa [13][14][15][16]. These letters, written with faith and loyalty, highlighted the people's desire for change and their support for Hussein.
Imam's Position
Imam Hussein was aware of the nation's dire situation under Umayyad tyranny and sought to confront it. Despite receiving numerous letters urging him to come to Kufa, he hesitated and instead sent Muslim bin Aqeel as his envoy to assess the situation [17][18][19][20][21][22].
Muslim bin Aqeel’s Mission
Muslim, accompanied by three prominent Shiite figures, arrived in Kufa and stayed in the house of Al-Mukhtar bin Abi Ubaid Al-Thaqafi. He began mobilizing support for Imam Hussein, and many pledged their allegiance, including Abbas Ibn Shabib Al-Shakiri and Habib bin Mazahir [23].
Position of Authority
Al-Numan bin Bashir, the governor of Kufa, was replaced by Ubayd Allah bin Ziyad, who intensified his grip on Kufa. Muslim took refuge in the house of Hani bin Urwa. Despite Ibn Ziyad’s efforts to locate him, Muslim continued his mission with steadfastness and courage [24][25][26].
Final Stand
Muslim’s heroic stand against Ibn Ziyad’s forces demonstrated his unparalleled bravery. Despite being outnumbered and eventually wounded, he fought valiantly until his capture [27][28][29]. Ibn Ziyad’s deceit and treachery led to Muslim’s martyrdom, as he was executed and his body was desecrated along with Hani bin Urwa.
Imam Hussein continued his journey towards Iraq, despite learning of Muslim’s death. He resolved to confront the oppressive regime, following his father's path and pledging himself to the cause, no matter the cost [30].
References:
[1] Al-Muzaffar, Ambassador of Hussein, p. 8.
[2] Al-Hussein’s Envoy, p. 46.
[3] Ibn Qutaybah, Knowledge, p. 204.
[4] Al-Hussein’s Envoy, p. 44.
[5] Al-Muzaffar, Safir Al-Hussein, p. 6.
[6] Ibn Shahr Ashub, Manaqib Al Abi Talib, vol. 4, p. 98.
[7] Yusuf bin Muhammad Al-Bayasi, Informing about wars occurring at the beginning of Islam.
[8] Al-Baladhuri, Genealogies of nobles.
[9] Ibn Qutaybah Al-Dinawari, Imamate and politics, vol. 2, p. 4.
[10] Al-Zirakli, Al-A’lam, p. 222.
[11] Ibn Anbas, Umdat al-Talib fi Ansab al-Abi Talib, p. 16.
[12] Al-Irshad by Al-Mufid, p. 202 / Tarikh Al-Tabari, vol. 4, p. 261.
[13] Ibn Qutaybah, Imamate and politics, vol. 2, p. 4.
[14] Al-Tabari, History of Al-Tabari, vol. 2, p. 262.
[15] Ibn al-Jawzi, Tadhkirat al-Khawas, p. 215.
[16] Al-Tabari, History of Al-Tabari, vol. 4, p. 262.
[17] Al-Aqqad, Abu Al-Shuhada, p. 114.
[18] Sayyed Mohsen Al-Amin, Shiite Notables, Part 4, Part 1, p. 159.
[19] Ibn al-Jawzi, Tadhkirat Al-Khawas, p. 220.
[20] Al-Majlisi, Bihar Al-Anwar, vol. 44, p. 334.
[21] Al-Majlisi, Bihar Al-Anwar, vol. 44, p. 334.
[22] Sayyed Mohsen Al-Amin, Shiite notables, vol. 4, vol. 1, p. 159.
[23] Al-Tabari, History of Al-Tabari, vol. 4, p. 275.
[24] Al-Tabari, History of Al-Tabari, vol. 4, p. 274.
[25] Al-Muzaffar, Al-Hussein’s Envoy, p. 189.
[26] Al-Muzaffar, Safir Al-Hussein, p. 68.
[27] Al-Tabari, History of Al-Tabari, vol. 3, p. 289.
[28] Al-Masoudi, Murooj Al-Dhahab / Part 3, p. 72.
[29] Ibn A'tham al-Kufi, Al-Futuh / vol. 5, p. 34.
[30] Ibn A'tham al-Kufi, Al-Futuh / vol. 5, p. 63.
The Complex Dynamics of Al-Numan bin Bashir’s Governorship and the Husseini Renaissance
When Muslim bin Aqeel (peace be upon him) entered Kufa as a messenger from Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), calling the people to pledge allegiance, the governor of Kufa at that time was Al-Nu’man bin Bashir. Muawiyah had appointed him in his last days, and during his nine-month term under Muawiyah, the latter died. Historical sources describe Al-Numan's rule over Kufa as characterized by leniency, tolerance, calm, and avoidance of revolutions, movements, bloodshed, and strife.
Some historians claim that Muawiyah appointed Al-Nu'man to end the brutal and bloody eras that plagued Kufa during the reigns of his criminal handlers, Ziyad bin Abiyah and Al-Mughirah bin Shu’bah. Muawiyah purportedly wanted people to forget those dark days and close those black chapters in their lives, leading to Al-Numan's appointment for his supposed gentleness, tolerance, and reform.
However, does this narrative hold water? Is it believable that someone like Al-Numan, one of Muawiyah’s criminal tools, would lean towards tolerance and reform? Muawiyah's reign was marked by terrorism, torture, and countless innocent bloodshed, especially among the Shiites of the Commander of the Faithful. Practices included cutting off heads and limbs, crucifixion on palm trunks, burying people alive, and launching brutal raids on safe cities and villages. Even great companions like Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi and Amr ibn al-Hamq al-Khuza’i were not spared.
Al-Numan played a significant role in these crimes, making his portrayal as a tolerant governor questionable. Muawiyah, known for his satanic methods and great deceptions, likely appointed Al-Numan to Kufa to maintain control while appearing lenient. This hypothesis explains Al-Numan’s inaction towards Muslim bin Aqeel’s movement in Kufa.
Who was Al-Numan?
Al-Numan bin Bashir Al-Ansari was a deviant from Ali (peace be upon him) and fought alongside Muawiyah, becoming one of Yazid’s princes until his death [1]. This description contradicts the tolerance attributed to Al-Nu'man, revealing his hypocritical nature. The Prophet’s hadith distinguishes believers from hypocrites, indicating Al-Numan's true character [2].
Al-Numan's father, Bashir bin Saad, set a precedent for his deviation and betrayal. Bashir broke the covenant to pledge allegiance to Ali after the Prophet (PBUH) and was the first to pledge allegiance at Saqifah, driven by envy against his cousin Sa’d bin Ubadah and the Ansar [4].
Al-Numan's Actions and Hypocrisy
Al-Numan was known for his cowardice, treachery, and participation in raids and killings under Muawiyah’s command. He betrayed and deceived those he governed, attacking safe cities and capturing innocent people. His loyalty to Muawiyah earned him great status and honor, despite his lack of valor [3].
During the events leading to Siffin, Al-Numan played a hypocritical role, conveying messages and inciting conflict while lacking courage in battle. His behavior reflects his opportunism and allegiance to Muawiyah’s goals.
Greed for Succession
Al-Numan’s ultimate ambition was the caliphate, and his actions were driven by this goal. He ignored Muslim bin Aqeel's movement, not out of tolerance but out of a desire to maintain his position and anticipate political outcomes. His speech to the people of Kufa, urging them to avoid strife, was a facade to conceal his true intentions.
Al-Numan and Ibn Ziyad
When Ubayd Allah bin Ziyad arrived in Kufa, Al-Numan’s role ended as he handed over the palace. This marked the end of his governorship and his aspirations in Kufa, revealing his opportunistic nature.
His Murder
Al-Numan’s end came at the hands of the Umayyads themselves, reflecting the ultimate betrayal. He was killed after attempting to support Ibn al-Zubayr against Marwan, highlighting the fleeting and dangerous nature of political alliances.
References:
[1] Ibn Abi al-Hadid, Explanation of Nahj al-Balagha, vol. 2, p. 304.
[2] Al-Majlisi, Bihar Al-Anwar, vol. 39, p. 287.
[3] Ibn Salam al-Jumahi, Tabaqat Fahl al-Shu’ara’, part 2, p. 463.
[4] Ibn Saad, Al-Tabaqat Al-Kubra, vol. 3, p. 532.
[5] Ibn Hajjah Al-Hamawi, Fruits of Leaves, p. 70.
[6] Abu Al-Faraj Al-Isfahani, Al-Aghani, vol. 3, p. 558, vol. 16, pp. 23/24.
The Betrayal and Martyrdom of Muslim bin Aqeel in Kufa
It is absolutely astonishing to witness an army of nearly twenty thousand turn into frightened, terrified rats searching for an escape or any dug-up hole in the ground. Even more astonishing is the betrayal of the covenants and pledges made to Hussein, pledges that assured him, "Our hearts and swords are with you." Initially, their hearts raced to him, but their swords turned against him. This is not surprising, for as the saying goes, "We know Shanshanah from Akhzam."
When Muslim bin Aqeel received the news of what Ibn Ziyad did to Hani bin Urwa, he called upon his companions and those gathered around him to confront Ibn Ziyad’s faction and liberate Hani. Despite having four thousand men with him, when the time came to march on Ibn Ziyad’s palace, none remained. The four thousand men vanished, leaving not one behind.
Thus, estrangement tightened its grip around Muslim (peace be upon him), leaving him alone after being surrounded by thousands. As fear and terror descended upon Kufa, it seemed as if its houses trembled and their walls shook in fear. Darkness fell, and Muslim (peace be upon him) roamed its streets at night, afraid and waiting. The alleys were devoid of life, as if the earth had swallowed its inhabitants. He had no guide to show him the way, tired, hungry, and thirsty, with no one to help him. How could those who abandoned him in broad daylight come to his aid in the depths of the dark night?
However, fate had a kind woman named Tawa waiting for him. As he sat on the threshold of her door, exhausted, the door opened, and Tawa, who was waiting for her son to return after searching for the reward on Muslim’s head, came out. Muslim (peace be upon him) asked her for a drink of water, and she quickly brought him some. After drinking to quench his thirst, he poured the rest over his body to cool himself.
Tawa, not recognizing him, said, "Did you not drink, O Abdullah? Get up and go to your family." He remained silent, and she urged him again to leave. Finally, Muslim (peace be upon him) replied, "I have no family here, and I have lost my way with no one to guide me."
Tawa, anxious, asked, "Who are you, Abdullah?" He responded, "O servant of God, I am the ambassador of Al-Hussein (peace be upon him) to Kufa. I am Muslim bin Aqeel."
Tawa, in horror and astonishment, exclaimed, "Are you Muslim bin Aqeel? Get up and enter, may my father and mother be sacrificed for you." She brought him inside, where he performed ablution, stood in prayer, and tasted sleep only for a moment that night. Though she brought him food, he did not eat.
Her disobedient son, returning home, saw his mother’s secretive behavior and discovered Muslim’s presence. He quickly reported this to Ibn Ziyad, betraying Muslim for the promised reward. Soon, more than a hundred men came to capture him. Muslim (peace be upon him) drew his sword, ready to defend himself.
As dawn approached, Tawa expressed her fear of the large number of enemies. Muslim (peace be upon him) reassured her, saying, "Do not worry, maid of God. The meeting has come. Tonight I saw my uncle, the Commander of the Faithful, Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him) in a dream, saying to me: 'You will be with me tomorrow.'"
The soldiers stormed into the house, surrounding Muslim from all sides. He fought valiantly, his sword shining like heavenly lightning. Despite his bleeding wounds, he continued to strike down his attackers until they resorted to treachery, surrounding him and striking him from all sides.
Overwhelmed, he fell to the ground, and they captured him, taking him handcuffed to Ibn Ziyad (peace be upon him).
Ibn Ziyad ordered his execution, to be carried out by one of those wounded by Muslim’s sword. Taken to the top of the palace, Muslim (peace be upon him) asked for time to pray two rak’ahs. After praying, he turned towards the direction of the city and said, "Peace be upon you, Abu Abdullah." Then, the executioner struck him, throwing his body from the top of the palace. Ibn Ziyad’s servants dragged his pure body through the alleys and markets.
There is no power nor strength except in God, the Most High, the Great.
Muslim Ibn Aqeel (pbuh) was all alone in Kufa they betrayed him.
Initially supported by four thousand men, Muslim bin Aqeel was ultimately abandoned, leaving him alone and forced to hide in house of Tuwa.
The Tragic Mission and Martyrdom of Muslim bin Aqeel
Muslim bin Aqeel bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him), the cousin of Imam Hussein bin Ali (peace be upon them), was sent by Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) to Kufa to prepare for the pledge of allegiance to him. Despite facing numerous difficulties in reaching Kufa, Muslim persevered. His journey was fraught with obstacles, including the error of the two guides he hired, who led him astray on the desert roads. The two guides succumbed to extreme thirst, but Muslim survived and eventually reached Kufa.
From a place known as the strait with Qays bin Mashar, Muslim bin Aqeel wrote a letter describing his harrowing journey. "I came from Medina with two guides of mine, and they got away from the road as well, and we became very thirsty, but they soon died. And we continued until we reached the water, but we were saved only by the strength of our own selves, and that water is in a place called the strait from the bottom of the khabat. I have flown from this direction of mine, so if you see it, you will relieve me of it and send someone else, and peace.”
Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) responded, encouraging him to continue his mission despite the hardships. "As for what follows, I thought that your burden on me in writing to seek forgiveness from the direction I directed you to do would be nothing but cowardice, so proceed to the direction in which I directed you, and peace.”
Upon reading the letter, Muslim bin Aqeel, undeterred, continued his journey. Along the way, he encountered various signs that strengthened his resolve. Finally, he entered Kufa and stayed in the house of Al-Mukhtar bin Abi Ubaidah, now known as the house of Muslim bin Al-Musayyab. The Shiites of Kufa flocked to him, pledging their allegiance and weeping as he read the letter from Al-Hussein (peace be upon him). Within a short period, eighteen thousand people had pledged allegiance to him, prompting Muslim to write to Al-Hussein, urging him to come to Kufa.
However, Al-Numan bin Bashir, the governor of Kufa, became aware of these events. He ascended the pulpit, urging the people to avoid sedition and bloodshed, promising not to fight those who did not fight him. Yet, he warned that if they broke their pledge of allegiance and disobeyed their imam, he would strike them with his sword, even if he had no supporter among them.
The Events Following the Revolt of Muslim bin Aqeel:
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Departure and Martyrdom of Muslim bin Aqeel: According to Sheikh Al-Mufid, Muslim bin Aqeel was killed on Wednesday, the ninth of Dhul-Hijjah, the Day of Arafat, after he had set out in Kufa on Tuesday, the eighth. Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) was on his way to Iraq from Mecca on the day Muslim left Kufa.
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Desertion by Followers: Initially supported by four thousand men, Muslim bin Aqeel was ultimately abandoned, leaving him alone and forced to hide in Dar Tuwa.
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Deception and Murder of Hani bin Urwa: Hani bin Urwa, a Shiite leader, was deceived and captured by Ibn Ziyad, who then tortured and killed him despite promising safety.
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Dispersal of Shiite Supporters: Despite efforts to rescue Hani, the Shiites were misled by promises of negotiations and threats of an approaching army from the Levant, leading to their dispersal. Subsequently, Ibn Ziyad's forces killed Muslim bin Aqeel and Hani bin Urwa.
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Message from Imam Hussein: Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) sent Qais bin Mashar al-Sidawi to Kufa with a letter urging the people to fulfill their pledge. However, Qais was intercepted, and upon refusing to reveal the contents of the letter, was thrown from the top of the palace by Ibn Ziyad's orders.
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Martyrdom of Muslim bin Aqeel: Betrayed and captured, Muslim bin Aqeel was brought before Ibn Ziyad, who ordered his execution. Muslim requested time to pray two rak’ahs, then faced his fate bravely. He was beheaded and his body was thrown from the palace, subsequently dragged through the streets of Kufa.
The tragic mission and martyrdom of Muslim bin Aqeel highlight the betrayal and hardship faced by the supporters of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him). Despite the pledges of support and initial enthusiasm from the people of Kufa, fear and treachery led to Muslim's isolation and ultimate death. His unwavering dedication and bravery in the face of overwhelming odds remain a testament to his loyalty and sacrifice for the cause of justice and truth.
The Determination of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) to March Towards Karbala
Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) continued his march towards Karbala even after receiving the devastating news of the martyrdom of Muslim bin Aqeel (peace be upon him). This decision, seemingly fraught with peril, was rooted in a profound understanding of his destiny and the broader mission he was meant to fulfill.
It is noted that Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) was fully aware of his ultimate fate. He knew that his journey to Karbala would lead to martyrdom for the sake of God Almighty. This knowledge was not concealed from him; rather, it was a part of the divine insight granted to the Prophet and the Imams (peace be upon them). Numerous narrations indicate that they were cognizant of their deaths long before they occurred. For instance, it is narrated that the Commander of the Faithful, Imam Ali (peace be upon him), said to Al-Baraa: "O Baraa, my son Al-Hussein (peace be upon him) will be killed while you are alive, and you will not support him."
Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) initially conditioned his departure for Kufa on the favorable report he expected to receive from Muslim bin Aqeel (peace be upon him). He wrote to the people of Kufa, saying: "I am sending to you my brother, my cousin, and my trusted member of my household, Muslim bin Aqeel. If he writes to me that the opinion of your leaders and those of honor and merit among you has agreed upon the same as what your messengers presented and I read in your letters, then I will come to you imminently, God willing."
However, Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) did not make his departure from Mecca contingent on the report. The situation had escalated to the point where the ruling authority had decided to eliminate Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) and his followers, regardless of his actions. Whether he chose to return or proceed, the holders of power recognized that Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) was vulnerable, and the people of Kufa were unlikely to provide the necessary support.
When Omar Ibn Saad wrote to Ibn Ziyad, he described his encounter with Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) and conveyed the Imam's willingness to turn back if the people no longer desired his presence. Ibn Ziyad's response was telling: "Now when our claws get stuck in him, they hope for salvation, but there is no escape." He instructed Ibn Saad to offer Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) the option to pledge allegiance to Yazid. If he refused, there would be no respite for him, whether he stayed or tried to leave.
It became clear that retreating was neither a viable nor an honorable option for Imam Hussein (peace be upon him). He had to continue his journey to Karbala to fulfill his divine mission and to complete the argument against the people of Kufa. This stance was echoed by Al-Hurr, who repented and joined Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), saying, "I am your friend who was upset with you in this place, and I did not think that the people would return to you what you offered them and would not reach this status of yours."
In conclusion, Imam Hussein's (peace be upon him) decision to march towards Karbala, despite the grave dangers, was not merely a response to the pleas of the people of Kufa. It was a calculated and divinely inspired action to fulfill his role in the divine plan. He sought to complete the argument against those who opposed him, knowing fully well that his journey would culminate in his martyrdom in Karbala.
The Bravery and Strength of Muslim bin Aqeel (peace be upon him)
Muslim bin Aqeel, the valiant cousin of Imam Hussein (peace be upon them), demonstrated remarkable courage and strength during his final moments. His resolve and indomitable spirit were evident in his actions and words as he faced his enemies with unwavering bravery.
Muslim bin Aqeel declared his commitment to his principles with the following lines:
"I swore that I would only die a free man, even if I saw death as an unpleasant thing He mixes cold with hot and bitter. He returned the sun's rays and they settled. Every person will one day encounter evil. I fear that I will be lied to or deceived."
These words exemplify his determination to remain free and uphold his honor, even in the face of death. His steadfastness and valor were not just words; they were manifested in his actions on the battlefield.
It is narrated that Muslim bin Aqeel killed a large number of his adversaries. This remarkable feat prompted Ibn Ziyad to send a message to Muhammad bin Al-Ash’ath, expressing frustration and questioning the effectiveness of his forces. Ibn Ziyad's message was clear: "We sent you to one man to bring him to us, and there was a great reputation among your companions, so what if we sent you to someone else?"
In response, Ibn Al-Ash’ath conveyed the true nature of the challenge they faced, saying: "O Prince, do you think that you have sent me to a grocer from one of the Kufa grocers, or to Jurmaqani from Jaramaqa Al-Hira? Did you not know, O Prince, that you sent me to Asad Dhargham while Husam’s sword was in the hand of the hero Hammam from the Khair Al-Anam family?"
Recognizing the futility of attempting to defeat Muslim bin Aqeel through force alone, Ibn Ziyad instructed: "Give him safety. You cannot defeat him without it." This decision stemmed from the realization of Muslim's extraordinary strength and combat prowess. It was narrated that such was his strength that he could take a man by the hand and throw him over a house.
These accounts of Muslim bin Aqeel's heroism are preserved in historical texts, such as "The Misfortunes of the Infallibles (peace be upon them)" by Sheikh Abd al-Khaliq al-Yazdi al-Ha’iri, completed approximately two centuries ago in the year 1241 AH. This manuscript, authored by a student of Sharif al-Ulama, underscores the enduring legacy of Muslim bin Aqeel's courage and unwavering faith.
In conclusion, the bravery and strength of Muslim bin Aqeel (peace be upon him) are a testament to his commitment to justice and his unyielding spirit in the face of overwhelming odds. His legacy continues to inspire those who strive for righteousness and freedom.